Linux · Apache: TLS & Let's Encrypt

On a fresh Debian/Ubuntu Apache install, HTTPS already works with some default certificate. What is that certificate called, where does it live, and how do you regenerate it after a hostname change?

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More in Apache: TLS & Let's Encrypt

A site serves data over plain HTTP and browsers flag it as insecure. What does switching to HTTPS actually add, and why is a CA-issued certificate still needed on top of that?

In TLS, which key encrypts and which decrypts, and how do client and server end up sharing one session key without ever transmitting a private key?

Online banking data is transmitted perfectly tap-proof but arrives at a fraudster's server instead of the bank. Which security property did the encryption fail to provide?

When juggling TLS files, what do the extensions .key, .csr, .pem, and .crt each hold?

What single command generates a private RSA server key with openssl, and what one permission mistake makes the whole certificate worthless?

Encrypting the server key with a passphrase sounds strictly safer. Why does Apache in practice get an unencrypted copy of the key instead?

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